Advanced Review
Mimicry in butterflies: co-option and a bag of magnificent developmental genetic tricks
Riddhi Deshmukh,
Saurav Baral,
A. Gandhimathi,
Muktai Kuwalekar,
Krushnamegh Kunte,
Riddhi Deshmukh
National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, India
Search for more papers by this authorSaurav Baral
National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, India
Search for more papers by this authorA. Gandhimathi
National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, India
Search for more papers by this authorMuktai Kuwalekar
National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, India
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Krushnamegh Kunte
National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, India
Correspondence to: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorRiddhi Deshmukh,
Saurav Baral,
A. Gandhimathi,
Muktai Kuwalekar,
Krushnamegh Kunte,
Riddhi Deshmukh
National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, India
Search for more papers by this authorSaurav Baral
National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, India
Search for more papers by this authorA. Gandhimathi
National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, India
Search for more papers by this authorMuktai Kuwalekar
National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, India
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Krushnamegh Kunte
National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, India
Correspondence to: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorConflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Abstract
Butterfly wing patterns are key adaptations that are controlled by remarkable developmental and genetic mechanisms that facilitate rapid evolutionary change. With swift advancements in the fields of genomics and genetic manipulations, identifying the regulators of wing development and mimetic wing patterns has become feasible even in nonmodel organisms such as butterflies. Recent mapping and gene expression studies have identified single switch loci of major effects such as transcription factors and supergenes as the main drivers of adaptive evolution of mimetic and polymorphic butterfly wing patterns. We highlight several of these examples, with emphasis on doublesex, optix, WntA and other dynamic, yet essential, master regulators that control critical color variation and sex-specific traits. Co-option emerges as a predominant theme, where typically embryonic and other early-stage developmental genes and networks have been rewired to regulate polymorphic and sex-limited mimetic wing patterns in iconic butterfly adaptations. Drawing comparisons from our knowledge of wing development in Drosophila, we illustrate the functional space of genes that have been recruited to regulate butterfly wing patterns. We also propose a developmental pathway that potentially results in dorsoventral mismatch in butterfly wing patterns. Such dorsoventrally mismatched color patterns modulate signal components of butterfly wings that are used in intra- and inter-specific communication. Recent advances—fuelled by RNAi-mediated knockdowns and CRISPR/Cas9-based genomic edits—in the developmental genetics of butterfly wing patterns, and the underlying biological diversity and complexity of wing coloration, are pushing butterflies as an emerging model system in ecological genetics and evolutionary developmental biology. WIREs Dev Biol 2018, 7:e291. doi: 10.1002/wdev.291
This article is categorized under:
- Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms
- Comparative Development and Evolution > Regulation of Organ Diversity
- Comparative Development and Evolution > Evolutionary Novelties
Graphical Abstract
Key developmental mechanisms such as co-option, heterochrony, and genetic cascades govern the evolution of adaptive butterfly wing patterns.
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