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Mitochondrial tRNA mutations and disease
John W. Yarham,
Joanna L. Elson,
Emma L. Blakely,
Robert McFarland,
Robert W. Taylor,
John W. Yarham
Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute for Ageing and Health, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
Search for more papers by this authorJoanna L. Elson
Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute for Ageing and Health, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
Search for more papers by this authorEmma L. Blakely
Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute for Ageing and Health, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
Search for more papers by this authorRobert McFarland
Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute for Ageing and Health, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Robert W. Taylor
Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute for Ageing and Health, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute for Ageing and Health, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UKSearch for more papers by this authorJohn W. Yarham,
Joanna L. Elson,
Emma L. Blakely,
Robert McFarland,
Robert W. Taylor,
John W. Yarham
Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute for Ageing and Health, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
Search for more papers by this authorJoanna L. Elson
Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute for Ageing and Health, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
Search for more papers by this authorEmma L. Blakely
Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute for Ageing and Health, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
Search for more papers by this authorRobert McFarland
Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute for Ageing and Health, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Robert W. Taylor
Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute for Ageing and Health, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute for Ageing and Health, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UKSearch for more papers by this authorAbstract
Mitochondrial (mt-) tRNA (MTT) gene mutations are an important cause of human morbidity and are associated with a wide range of pathology, from isolated organ-specific diseases such as myopathy or hearing loss, through to multisystem disorders with encephalopathy, gastrointestinal dysmotility, and life-threatening cardiomyopathy. Our understanding of how MTT mutations cause disease remains poor and progress has been hampered by the complex interaction of genotype with phenotype that can result in patients who harbor the same mutation exhibiting starkly contrasting phenotypes, whereas other (genetically heterogeneous) patients manifest clinically identical syndromes. A further complexity is the highly polymorphic nature of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which must temper any reflex assumptions of pathogenicity for novel MTT substitutions. Nevertheless significant progress is being made and we shall review the methods employed to identify and characterize MTT mutations as pathogenic. Also important is our understanding of the molecular processes involved and we shall discuss the data available on two of the most studied MTT mutations (m.8344A > G and m.3243A > G) as well as other potential pathogenic mechanisms. Knowledge of factors influencing the inheritance of MTT mutations, and therefore the likelihood of disease transmission, is of particular importance to female patients. At present, the factors determining transmission remain elusive, but we shall examine several possible mechanisms and discuss the evidence for each. Finally, a number of different yeast and mouse models are currently used to investigate mitochondrial disease and we will assess the importance of and difficulties associated with each model as well as the future of possible therapies for patients with mitochondrial disease. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
This article is categorized under:
- RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
FURTHER READING
- The MitoMAP database, an online compendium of human mitochondrial DNA variation, can be accessed at http://www.mitomap.org/MITOMAP The Mamit-tRNA database (http://mamit-trna.u-strasbg.fr/) provides information on mammalian tRNA sequences and 2-D structures as well as details of human mt-tRNA mutations linked with disease.
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